Legal processes and court proceedings

Each case is unique; unforeseen events or procedural issues can cause delays. The goal is to handle cases in a timely manner while ensuring a fair examination of evidence and legal arguments.

The parties to court proceedings in criminal cases are the victim (the injured party), the accused (the defendant) and the prosecutor. The injured party has a stake in the proceedings if they have claims against the defendant, i.e. the suspected perpetrator. The charges brought against the defendant are read out by the prosecutor. The court can also hear testimony from witnesses if necessary.

The trial in a criminal case is generally open to the public unless the court decides to handle the case privately. Once the district court receives an application for a summons, the court begins the proceedings in a criminal case. If necessary, the court may ask the injured party to file a compensation claim unless the prosecutor has already done so on their behalf.

The defendant is then served with a summons, requiring them to appear at a district court session, known as a main hearing. During this hearing, the defendant addresses the charges and any compensation claims made by the injured parties. The defendant may also be asked to provide a written response to the court prior to the main hearing.

The district court is responsible for summoning the injured parties and witnesses whose presence is essential for resolving the case. However, if the injured parties have not filed a compensation claim or if the prosecutor has filed the claim on their behalf, they may not be summoned.

Nonetheless, they have the right to attend the main hearing and must independently obtain information about the date and time of the hearing. Some district courts may send a notice of the hearing to all parties involved in the case.

Most main hearings in criminal cases last a few hours, although extensive or complex cases can take several days. During the main hearing, oral presentations are made.

The main hearing begins with the prosecutor presenting the charge, including the punishment sought and the grounds for it. The prosecutor also presents any claims for compensation on behalf of the injured parties and justifies their claims. Next, the injured party is heard.

If the prosecutor hasn't claimed compensation on their behalf, the injured party will make their own claims. They can either agree with the prosecutor's punishment request or suggest an alternative punishment. The injured party may also claim reimbursement of their costs.

Then, the defendant is given an opportunity to respond. They can either admit or deny the prosecutor's claims. The defendant also addresses whether they agree to pay the compensation requested by the injured party.

After that, the prosecutor and the injured party provide further explanations of their positions. The prosecutor explains the events and the reasons for filing the charge, while the injured party clarifies the basis of their compensation claim and the amount sought. The defendant then presents their opinion regarding the prosecutor's and injured parties' views.

Following this stage, evidence is presented. Written evidence is reviewed first, followed by the testimonies of the injured party, defendant, and witnesses. All testimonies are recorded. It's important to note that all evidence must be examined during the main hearing, and the court cannot consider evidence or interrogation reports from the pretrial investigation. During closing arguments, the parties express their opinions on whether the charge has been proven and how they believe the case should be judged.

The length of legal processes in criminal cases can vary and depends on several factors. Generally, the duration of a criminal case can range from several months to a couple of years. The complexity of the case, the availability of evidence, the number of witnesses, and the workload of the courts are some of the factors that can impact the length of the legal process.

For less complex cases, such as minor offences, the legal process may be relatively shorter, often resolved within a few months. On the other hand, more complex cases involving serious crimes or extensive investigations may take considerably longer to reach a resolution. It's important to note that each case is unique, and the specific circumstances surrounding the case can influence its duration.

Additionally, unforeseen events or procedural issues may cause delays during the legal process. Overall, the aim is to handle criminal cases in a timely manner while ensuring a fair and thorough examination of the evidence and legal arguments presented.

The district court delivers its decision orally immediately after the hearing or later in writing. In the latter case, the judgment is available at the court's registry or can be sent to the parties upon request.

In cases where the accused fails to appear at the main hearing despite being ordered to do so, the hearing may proceed without them, and witnesses can still be heard.

However, a final decision cannot be made, and often the main hearing needs to be rescheduled. An accused person who fails to appear may face a fine and be ordered to attend the next session with the assistance of the police.

In simple criminal cases, the defendant's presence at the main hearing may not be necessary, particularly when specific evidence is not required. The district court notifies the defendant in the summons whether their presence is required. If the defendant is absent, their case is considered based on the criminal investigation report or their written reply.

If a party disagrees with the district court's judgment, they have the right to appeal to a court of appeal. The district court provides written appeal instructions with each judgment.